The brain grows from two sources, and Enceladus sorts its own ocean

One builds the forebrain and midbrain, the other builds the hindbrain, and each is restricted to its own territory from very early in development 140. Earlier cell-fate mapping had hinted at this but couldn't say whether cells were permanently committed or just following local chemical cues. "We certainly didn't expect to find that the brain comes from two different sources!" Loh said. He also pointed out that researchers in the 1990s had suspected multiple origins, and that his team built on their work 140.

Researchers in Berlin and Tokyo now report that freezing speed can explain the spread. Droplets frozen slowly in the lab separate their salts, and droplets that then shatter on the way into space could deliver grains with very different chemistry from the same water 1.

Brain-infiltrating T cells dropped by roughly half. Treated mice kept about 40% more tissue in their memory centers and did significantly better on memory tests, while their tau tangles stayed at the same level. The antibody worked at the brain's border and never entered brain tissue. The study appeared in Neuron 93122.

Earlier candidates had never shown that one population could both renew itself and generate every tendon and ligament cell type. Matthew Greenblatt's group had previously found the stem cell that starts fracture repair, in 2018. In lumbar spinal stenosis, thickened ligaments squeeze the spinal canal, and these cells become unusually active in the lower spine. In mice, reducing calcium signaling stopped the abnormal growth. The study was published Sept. 7 in Cell 7.

It reacted to inflammatory proteins and bacteria much as living lungs do, and it showed that movement changes how tissue absorbs silica nanoparticles. Science rejected it and suggested repeating the tests in mice. The team did, resubmitted, and was published in 2010. The paper has since been cited by nearly 5,400 others 204.

The program, KehatiKu, run by the consultancy Borneo Futures, has more than 800 participants and 378,000 confirmed observations, including of Bornean orangutans and Abbott's gibbons. A bird that once fetched 50,000 rupiah when caught now brings 5,000 to 10,000 for a photo. Imelda, a 72-year-old farmer in Labian, walks into the forest with friends each day hoping to photograph an orangutan, the top prize: "we really, really want to protect them." Octavius, a 50-year-old kratom and cacao farmer, says the money helps pay for his children's college educations 248.

It is the oldest structure of its kind in North Africa outside the Nile Valley. They also found dozens of bell-shaped pits that they believe stored grain. The study appeared Sept. 7 in Libyan Studies 10.