The Ledger · Entry 04

Most of the world can now read and write

Share of adults worldwide able to read and write

12.0% in 1820
87.7% in 2024

Data: Our World in Data, based on UNESCO and Buringh & van Zanden (2009)

Two centuries ago, reading was a skill of a small minority. Then near-universal schooling spread country by country, and each generation entered adulthood more literate than the one before it.

Share of adults able to read and write, 1820 to 2024: from 12.0% to 87.7%. Source: Our World in Data, based on UNESCO and Buringh & van Zanden (2009). 12.0% 1820 21.4% 1900 36.0% 1950 87.7% 2024
Source: Our World in Data, based on UNESCO and Buringh & van Zanden (2009) · CC BY 4.0 · retrieved 2026-07-02. Underlying data: UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Buringh & van Zanden (2009) for historical estimates.

The key rows

1820 12.0% Reading is a minority skill.
1900 21.4% Still fewer than one in four adults.
1950 36.0% Mass schooling takes hold.
2024 87.7% Nearly nine in ten adults.

The remaining gap is concentrated among older adults and in the poorest regions. But most people alive today can read, which was never true before.

Asked often

What is the global literacy rate?

About 87.7% of adults worldwide could read and write as of the latest estimate, up from around 12% two centuries ago.

How has literacy changed over time?

It rose from roughly 12% of adults in 1820 to 87.7% in the most recent year, as near-universal schooling spread across the world.

The world also got better today.

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