The Ledger · Entry 01

Far fewer children die before their fifth birthday

Share of children worldwide who die before age five

42.8% in 1800
3.7% in 2024

Data: Our World in Data, based on UN IGME and Gapminder

For most of history, roughly four in ten children never reached their fifth year. Clean water, vaccines, oral rehydration, antibiotics, and skilled birth attendance each took a share of that toll, decade after decade.

Share of children who die before their fifth birthday, 1800 to 2024: from 42.8% to 3.7%. Source: Our World in Data, based on UN IGME and Gapminder. 42.8% 1800 24.7% 1950 9.3% 1990 3.7% 2024
Source: Our World in Data, based on UN IGME and Gapminder · CC BY 4.0 · retrieved 2026-07-02. Underlying data: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME); Gapminder (historical).

The key rows

1800 42.8% Almost the same as it had been for centuries.
1950 24.7% The postwar fall begins in earnest.
1990 9.3% Below one in ten for the first time.
2024 3.7% The lowest rate ever recorded.

The rate is still far from zero, and it is uneven between countries. But the direction has not reversed in living memory.

Asked often

Is child mortality still falling?

Yes. The global under-five mortality rate reached its lowest recorded level, 3.7%, in 2024, continuing a decline that has run without reversal since the middle of the last century.

What caused child mortality to fall?

No single cause. Clean water and sanitation, childhood vaccines, oral rehydration therapy for diarrhoea, antibiotics, and skilled care at birth each removed a large share of the deaths.

The world also got better today.

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