The Ledger · Entry 09

Reading a human genome went from tens of millions of dollars to a few hundred

Cost to sequence one full human genome, in current US dollars

$95,263,070 in 2001
$525 in 2022

Data: Our World in Data, based on the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Genome Sequencing Program (GSP)

When the first draft of the human genome was finished, reading a single person's DNA end to end cost tens of millions of dollars and took a small industry to do. It was a feat of the age, not a routine test.

Cost to sequence one full human-sized genome, in current (non-inflation-adjusted) US dollars, 2001 to 2022: from $95,263,070 to $525. Source: Our World in Data, based on the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). $95,263,070 2001 $29,092 2010 $1,245 2015 $525 2022
Source: Our World in Data, based on the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Genome Sequencing Program (GSP) · CC BY 4.0 · retrieved 2026-07-02. Underlying data: National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).

The key rows

2001 $95,263,070 The first tracked year, priced like a moonshot.
2010 $29,092 New sequencing machines break the cost curve.
2015 $1,245 Closing in on the symbolic thousand-dollar genome.
2022 $525 A few hundred dollars, the latest tracked year.

Then a new generation of sequencing machines arrived and the price fell off a cliff, faster than computing chips were getting cheaper over the same years. What once cost a fortune now costs about as much as a phone.

Asked often

How much did it cost to sequence the first human genome?

In 2001 the NHGRI-tracked cost to sequence a full human-sized genome was $95,263,070. By 2022 that had fallen to $525.

Is the DNA sequencing cost adjusted for inflation?

No. The NHGRI figures are in current dollars and are not adjusted for inflation, so the real-terms fall is even larger than the raw numbers show.

Why did sequencing costs fall so fast?

The arrival of next-generation, massively parallel sequencing around 2007 and 2008 broke the cost curve, driving the price down faster than computing chips were falling in price over the same period.

The world also got better today.

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