The Ledger · Entry 20

The world nearly eliminated the chemicals that were destroying the ozone layer

World consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODP tonnes)

1,662,589 in 1989
16,622 in 2021

Data: Our World in Data, based on the UN Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat

Scientists discovered that common industrial chemicals, chiefly the CFCs in refrigerators, aerosols, and foams, were tearing a hole in the ozone layer that shields life from ultraviolet radiation. In 1987 the world signed the Montreal Protocol and agreed to phase them out.

World consumption of ozone-depleting substances, weighted by ozone-depleting potential (ODP tonnes), 1986 to 2021: from 1,302,816 to 16,622. Source: Our World in Data, based on the UN Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat. 1,662,589 1989 263,260 2000 43,687 2010 16,622 2021
Source: Our World in Data, based on the UN Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat · CC BY 4.0 · retrieved 2026-07-15. Underlying data: UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat.

The key rows

1989 1,662,589 The peak, two years after the Montreal Protocol was signed.
2000 263,260 Down by more than four-fifths in a decade.
2010 43,687 The old chemicals almost entirely phased out.
2021 16,622 About one percent of the peak.

The phase-out worked. Consumption of these substances collapsed by about ninety-nine percent, drawn here on a log scale so the whole fall fits, and the ozone layer is now slowly healing. The last stretch is not zero: small amounts are still used or reported unevenly, and some replacement gases are potent greenhouse gases now being curbed under a later amendment.

Asked often

Did the Montreal Protocol work?

Yes. It is often called the most successful environmental treaty ever. After it was signed in 1987, world consumption of ozone-depleting substances fell from a peak of 1,662,589 ODP tonnes in 1989 to 16,622 in 2021, a fall of about ninety-nine percent.

Is the ozone layer recovering?

Yes, slowly. With the ozone-depleting chemicals almost entirely phased out, scientific assessments project the ozone layer will return to its earlier state over the coming decades. The recovery lags the phase-out because the chemicals already released persist for a long time.

The world also got better today.

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